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Remembering Dimitri Tiomkin | Read more at in70mm.com The 70mm Newsletter
| Written by: Jeffrey
Dane, © Jeffrey Dane | Date: 30.08.2010 |
Exposition
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Dimitri Tiomkin. Image from Jeffrey Dane's archive
Mention to any Alamo enthusiast the name
Dimitri Tiomkin, and it's a virtual given that what comes to mind first
is John Wayne's film, "The Alamo". At 6:37pm on October 18, 2008, a
member of The Alamo Society, Ned Huthmacher, posted on Maurice Jones'
website, JohnWayne-TheAlamo.com, a very telling comment: "Tiomkin's
score is at least half the reason we continue remembering Wayne's
Alamo." In so doing, he virtually summarized the Tiomkin matter by
cunningly pointing up -- in those thirteen words -- the significance of
music in film.
At 3:34pm on April 15, 2009, Alamo Society member Wade Dillon posted on
his website, AlamoSentry.com, a series of photos taken by this writer
during his then-recent sojourn in San Antonio for the annual Alamo
observances and events that year. One of the snapshots pictured a sample
of Tiomkin's letterhand, mentioned further in this article. Wade Dillon
and fellow Alamo Society members Sarah Martin and Michelle Herbelin are
effectively "The Keepers of the Flame" and are in a certain way the new
Alamo Holy Trinity, in the sense that the torch will eventually be
passed to them.
We might wonder how we can "remember" a composer we've never met. The
difficulty disappears when we consider the man's work: Dimitri Tiomkin
composed music that, for many of us, represents moments in our personal
weather that had an effect on the climate of some of our lives. His work
outlived him and it will outlive us. It may seem paradoxical that we
feel such a personal kinship with Tiomkin and his music without ever
having had the opportunity to make his acquaintance -- but the kinship
is there, and the connection is genuine: our experiences with him
through his music have been indirect but intense.
Some things happen instinctively: some of us can learn nearly as much
about a composer from the study of his music as by a subsequent reading
of biographical information. The correlations are inexplicable but
conspicuous. Aaron Copland, for decades The Dean of American Composers,
summed it up concisely when he said, "If it's in the music, it's in the
man." He used an enviable economy of means in both his music and his
written and spoken prose.
| More in 70mm reading:
New recording of Tiomkin's ALAMO score
Remembering Miklós Rózsa
"The Alamo" lost 70mm version - This letter which started it all
Internet link:
Dimitri Tiomkin page
Dimitri Tiomkin's large format scores
Circus World (1964)
The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964)
55 Days at Peking (1963)
The Alamo (1960)
Search for Paradise (1957)
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Most of those who wrote important music for films were thoroughly
trained musicians and composers long before they ever thought of setting
foot in a studio and composing a film score. In our world today, a lot
of bad behavior and senseless conclusion is usually ratified by habit
and takes its place in the mainstream by custom. That doesn't make it
right. (Using "But everybody does it" as a courtroom defense will get
you laughed out of the dock and perhaps a sentence, not altogether
undeserved, in a mental institution).
The music written for films is frequently and almost by tradition
derided by purists and critics simply because it's been conventionally
fashionable to do so, and the sheer beauty and excitement of the finest
film music -- by whatever composer -- seem to conveniently escape the
consideration (or, worse, the attention altogether) of those who scorn
it. The phrase "Those who can, do. Those who can't, criticize" seems an
eternal verity and has a particular application in the matter at hand.
Goethe wrote, "It is easier to perceive error than to find truth, for
the former lies on the surface and is easily seen, while the latter lies
in the depth, where few are willing to search for it." Goethe was wise,
and the concept is beautiful in its simplicity. Criticism is easy,
accomplishment takes real work: figurative blood, sweat, toil and tears.
Anyone close to the finger-painting stage can invoke finger-pointing and
complain at will about an artist's work. (Some of them even earn a
livelihood at it). Not anyone can write books, magazine and newspaper
articles, film scores, design buildings, and the like. Such endeavors
take real effort. "No-one ever erected a statue to a critic." -- Jean
Sibelius. We don't remember the critics who denigrated his work. We
remember Sibelius.
"Film composers and alert music-lovers have for years chafed at the fact
that hundreds of first-rate pieces of musical composition, apart from
'pop' songs, have been buried in Hollywood vaults. . . film music is a
rich and often exemplary library of contemporary American composition,
and deserves a first rank in the concert hall." -- Victor Young.
The word score, itself, fittingly corresponds to the number of staves --
twenty -- with which symphony-size manuscript paper is often printed. It
also correlates to the vertical (i.e., "scored") bar lines we see in
orchestral music.
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Thumbnail Bio and Background
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Victor Young 1954. Image from Jeffrey Dane's archive
Born near Kiev in the Ukraine in 1894,
Dimitri Tiomkin studied piano first with his mother, and then with Felix
Blumenfeld -- one of whose later pupils was Vladimir Horowitz. Another
was Simon Barere, the only piano soloist who ever died onstage at
Carnegie Hall during a performance, on April 2, 1951 while playing
Grieg's piano concerto, with Eugene Ormandy conducting.
Another of young Dimitri's piano teachers was Isabelle Vengerova, a
stern taskmistress who, later in America, taught Leonard Bernstein and
through her formidable discipline molded him into a concert-level
pianist.
At the St. Petersburg Conservatory, considered the sanctum sanctorum of
Russian music -- Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff, Heifetz, and Shostakovich
were all students there at one time -- Tiomkin also studied with
composer Alexander Glazounov. He was the Conservatory's Director, and
his penchant for the traditional classical forms in harmony,
counterpoint, and the other musical disciplines gave Tiomkin a very
thorough grounding that would later stand him in very good stead.
Glazounov was one of the more important Russian composers of that era
and was widely venerated. His influence on the young Tiomkin can't be
understated -- or, by some, even understood. It speaks well of any
teacher who instills and nurtures in his or her students a genuine and
life-long love of learning. Our educational years are operatively our
most formative and among the most important in our lives, maybe even
more significant than those years and their experiences that immediately
follow them. This becomes clear to us when we realize that our learning
habits and adult personalities are taking shape and our mature
characters are being molded during those very school years: they're
largely a time of development, while the subsequent years and their
attendant experiences are a time of refinement. During his first year at
the Juilliard School, this writer, as a then-young music student, was
asked to analyze the Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta by Bela
Bartok -- and after revisiting that same piece in his fourth year at the
school, he was amazed at how much Bartok himself had learned in the
intervening period. . . .
". . . after success as a composer in Hollywood, Tiomkin realized his
first encounter [and audition] with Glazounov had been a defining
moment. . . [Tiomkin wrote], 'His music was performed wherever there
were concert halls. Orchestras played his . . . c-minor Symphony, ballet
troupes danced his beautiful suite Raimonda, and for violinists his
concerto was standard repertoire.' . . . he remembers being schooled in
strict conformity to part-writing, the proper use of suspensions and
modulations, and the avoidance of parallel fifths. . . Tiomkin's
autobiography, Please Don't Hate Me (written with Prosper Buranelli;
Doubleday, 1959) is filled with stories involving Glazounov. . . In 1929
[the now-64-year-old Conservatory Director] arrived in the USA from
Russia for a conducting tour that would take him to Boston, Chicago,
Detroit, and Philadelphia. . . Glazounov was the last surviving master
of the Russian Nationalist School founded by Balakirev, Borodin, Cui,
Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov ["The Russian Five"]. . . In
mid-November Tiomkin and [his wife] were guests at a reception for
Glazounov at Wm. Knabe & Co.'s Ampico Hall in New York, celebrating the
piano maker's ninety-second anniversary. When Tiomkin spotted his former
teacher, he was stricken by how thin and haggard the larger-than-life
Director had become. (. . . H. G. Wells had a similar reaction on seeing
Glazounov nine years earlier). . . By this time Tiomkin had a reputation
in New York as a concert pianist, embracing the modernists that
Glazounov despised: composers like Debussy, Ravel, and particularly
Scriabin. On the other hand, Tiomkin's recitals almost always included a
composition by Bach, and Glazounov's tutelage in fugal writing stayed
with him throughout his career as a film composer. On Glazounov's love
of fugues, Tiomkin wrote in 1959, "To this day in Hollywood I am happy
if I can sneak a fugue into a score for a motion picture." ( -- Tiomkin
specialist Warren M. Sherk, from the official Tiomkin website,
www.dimitritiomkin.com).
How much Tiomkin revered Glazounov is evident: Today the Dimitri Tiomkin
Collection in the Cinematic Arts Library at the University of Southern
California has in its archives, courtesy of Ned Comstock, a typescript
titled Alexander Constantinovich Glazounov: Reminiscences of One of His
Pupils of the Conservatory of Petrograd. ". . . simple, Romantic,
melodic, and captivating in form and imagery, filled with emotion and
soul, the music seemingly interwoven deeply with his personality." -- A
description of Tiomkin's music? Yes -- but it was a description of
Glazounov's. Today, his work may no longer satisfy our esthetic wants,
but it can certainly fulfill our esthetic needs.
In essence, Alexander Glazounov was as important and influential in
Tiomkin's youth as Fess Parker was (and soon afterward, John Wayne) in
our own early years.
Another of the Conservatory's composition students Tiomkin got to know
was a few years older. A young firebrand who shocked and upset everyone
(particularly the traditional and conservative faculty) with his bold
and ultra-modern harmonic clashes, atypical rhythms, totally unexpected
musical directions, surprising resolutions and percussive manner in both
his playing and his own music, he would soon turn the musical world on
its ears with his originality, just as Debussy in France had done 25
years before. Some people and their work, and some situations, are
misconstrued because we don't find details or traits we've been
traditionally taught to look for -- while in other circumstances we
encounter things, good or bad, that we didn't expect to find. For these
reasons, Tiomkin's fellow student was as misunderstood at the
Conservatory as was James Bowie in his own day. This student composed
and performed his own first piano concerto as his graduation piece --
winning the first prize for pianism, but not for composition. Eventually
he, too, would compose several film scores in Russia, some of which have
now become classics. His name was Sergei Prokofiev.
Tiomkin soon spent three years in Berlin, where he studied for a time
with Ferruccio Busoni, a pianist of enormous intellect who instilled in
his students a sweeping sense of musical scope and harmonic form. Busoni
had been a child prodigy who made his public debut as a pianist at age
seven, and about two years later he played some of his own compositions
in Vienna, Europe's musical capital. While there, he was introduced to
Anton Rubenstein. He also heard a performance by Franz Liszt (who had an
apartment at Freyung 6, still standing, and who in the late 1860s had
been painted by G.P.A. Healy, who did a portrait of James Bowie from
life in the early 1830s). Busoni had also met Johannes Brahms. The
Alamo's original Low Barracks isn't the only structure that's been
demolished in the name of "progress": the building at Karlsgasse 4 in
Vienna, where Brahms lived for the last 26 years of his life, was
ceremoniously demolished on April 3, 1907, exactly ten years to the date
after he died there. (The building now on that site is a wing of
Vienna's Technical University). Progress, it seems, is no bargain. We
have to pay for it, and sometimes the price is high.
Most of the great composers were pianists, some of virtuoso calibre. The
Four Bs -- Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, and Bernstein -- were all expert
keyboard players. Three exceptions were Hector Berlioz, Richard Wagner,
and Giuseppi Verdi. Berlioz couldn't play the instrument at all but was
a master of orchestration (he wrote a textbook on the subject which
became the standard reference work for a half-century until
Rimsky-Korsakov wrote his). Wagner's piano-playing -- like this writer's
-- was characterized more by intent than by facility ("He played with
the lamentable execution of which only composers are capable" -- Deems
Taylor). And Verdi, though not a performing musician per se, was
functionally good enough at the keyboard, even as a pre-teen, to
deputize for a time for his teacher, a church organist. Dimitri Tiomkin,
by his innate abilities, proclivity and training, was a superb player --
clearly skilled enough to set out as a professional pianist.
He was the soloist in the European premiere of George Gershwin's Piano
Concerto in F-Major, with Vladimir Golschmann conducting. Prokofiev was
among the VIPs at this major event, which took place at the Paris Opera
on May 29, 1928. Soon after, Tiomkin gave a solo piano recital of
primarily contemporary music at which he performed works by Bach,
Maurice Ravel, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud, Alexandre Tansman,
Prokofiev himself, and others. Most of these composers were still very
much alive and some attended the recital.
Eventually Tiomkin found himself in the United States and ended up in
Hollywood, where he ultimately spent his entire professional life
composing music for movies, and contributing to the effectiveness, value
and success of those films he scored. Nominated nearly two dozen times
for Oscars, he eventually won four of them: two for "High Noon" (in 1953
-- for best original score, and for best song); one for "The High and the
Mighty" (in 1954); and one for "The Old Man and the Sea" (in 1959), the
music for which seems to come closest to a veritable symphonic poem than
any other film score.
From the official Tiomkin website: "Tiomkin's wonderful life in America
came to an end in 1967 with the death of his wife, Albertina Rasch. Upon
returning to his Windsor Square-Hancock Park home in Los Angeles after
the funeral, he was attacked and beaten by robbers. Tiomkin put the
house up for sale and returned [permanently] to Europe."
He lived his last years, re-married, in London and Paris, where -- a
true musician until the end -- he enjoyed spending time playing
classical works on the piano. He died in London in November, 1979.
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Development. -- The Time in Hollywood
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Tiomkin had already written music for
seven films before he scored his first really important movie, "Lost
Horizon", in 1937 (the year he became an American citizen). Conducted on
the film's soundtrack by Max Steiner, the score "called for the largest
orchestra ever assembled at Columbia Studios, causing studio chieftan
Harry Cohn to rant and rave at the expense" (as the late film historian
and author Tony Thomas wrote in one of his books, Film Score). A
precedent for size had already been set in 1881 when Brahms conducted
his own Academic Festival Overture at the University of Breslau, which
had bestowed on him an honorary doctorate. The piece was composed
especially for the event and contained, as Brahms wrote, "a rollicking
potpourri of student songs ŕ la Suppe" (including Wir Hatten Gebauet,
Der Landesvater, Was Kommt Dort von der Höh'?, and Gaudiamus Igitur).
The work utilized a massive orchestra, the largest such ensemble for
which Brahms ever wrote. No raving and ranting ensued on that occasion,
however. Harry Cohn wasn't to be born for another ten years -- and more
importantly, Brahms, who had an absolutely towering musical intellect,
was the dominant musical figure in Europe for the last quarter of the
nineteenth century. He admired those who stood up to him, but by his
nature anyone who crossed him with nonsense soon regretted it.
Lost Horizon's success as a film brought Tiomkin wider recognition,
including invitations to return to the recital stage. Fate would allow
him just one more appearance as a concert pianist per se. He was the
soloist, with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, in the second piano concerto
of Sergei Rachmaninoff, much of whose music requires pianistic fingers
of steel. The popularity of this piece had elevated it to the status of
a modern classic, and the lush, Romantic main theme of its third and
final movement prompted the popular song, "Full Moon and Empty Arms." At
the time Tiomkin performed the concerto, Rachmaninoff was still alive,
and for the last year of his life, 1942-1943, lived at 610 Elm Drive in
Beverly Hills.
As a connective fact, in the 1830s the young pianist Robert Schumann
built a contraption intended to strengthen the fourth finger of one of
his hands. It malfunctioned, seriously enough to then and there
permanently end his chances of a concert pianist's career. His loss was
posterity's gain: it operatively forced him to concentrate on composing
his own music, and today Schumann is known as The Romanticist.
Similarly, as Tony Thomas relates in his book Music for the Movies, soon
after Tiomkin's Rachmaninoff concerto performance ". . . he was involved
in an accident and injured his right arm. A broken bone never healed
properly. The right hand was later strong enough for normal piano
playing but never for the arduous pyrotechnics of concert hall
performance. The accident decided Tiomkin's future" as a composer for
films.
From a 2007 article in The Soundtrack, Vol. 1 Nr. 1, by Prof. Stephen
Deutsch of The Media School, Bournemouth University: "There is an
anecdote . . . about John Sturges' film, "The Old Man and the Sea" (1958),
based on the Hemingway novel. Sturges is reputed to have told the
veteran composer, Dimitri Tiomkin, that he wished for there to be no
music present when the old man (Spencer Tracy) was alone in his small
boat. When questioned, Sturges in turn asked the composer, 'Where would
the orchestra be?' Tiomkin replied, 'Right next to the camera.' This
anecdote delivers a powerful if unintentional insight into the subject.
Non-diegetic music is analogous to the camerawork and editing, part of
the fabric of the film, and like cinematography, only rarely meant to
intrude through the membrane of the narrative." (A similar story exists
involving Alfred Hitchcock during the preparations for his film,
Lifeboat).
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Without its memorable music, "The Magnificent
Seven" would be a slow-moving film and would likely not have taken its place
in the cinematic pantheon. A years-long friend, Jack Broadfield, reminded me
of what Elmer Bernstein, the composer of the film's score, once said: "Music
is the motor that drives a movie."
Likewise, Tiomkin's score for "High Noon" offers a classic example of what
music can do for a film. The movie originally had very little music and got
a poor reception at initial showings. Then Tiomkin was called in to tone it
up and paint the musical canvas. The results are now a matter of record: to
this black & white film he gave real musical color. In Tiomkin's own words,
"To comprehend fully what music does for movies, one should see a picture
before the music is added, and again after it has been scored. Not only are
all the dramatic effects heightened, but in many instances the faces,
voices, and even the personalities of the players are altered by the music"
(from an article he wrote in a magazine, Films in Review, in 1951).
The result of Tiomkin's efforts is not only a memorable film but also a
memorable score: the main musical theme of the film is officially titled
"High Noon" but is more commonly known as the song "Do Not Forsake Me Oh My
Darling," which became extremely popular and for many years enjoyed a life
of its own on recordings. In this, it followed the example set eight years
earlier by Miklos Rozsa with the main theme of his score for Hitchcock's
"Spellbound".
Parenthetically, the first film for which Tiomkin wrote a song wasn't "High
Noon" but an obscure 1946 movie titled Trail to Mexico. It was High Noon,
however, that set a sometimes troublesome precedent: for years afterward,
studios were insisting that their scores contain a popular song -- and often
in the opening credits, thereby robbing the composer of the opportunity,
with purely orchestral forces, to musically set the real subliminal mood for
the ensuing feature. Still, Tiomkin continued giving the studios what they
and their public wanted: songs for their westerns, ultimately more than two
dozen in toto (including, of course, "The Green Leaves of Summer" for "The
Alamo"). The film Friendly Persuasion contained six songs, more than any
other single Tiomkin-scored film.
The music for the 1944 film "Laura" was purely orchestral. Composed by David Raksin, the hauntingly memorable theme became a popular song only by popular
demand. Soon after the movie's release, Fox's music department began getting
fan mail about the tune and about who wrote it, and some even requested
photos not of the stars but of the composer. After Johnny Mercer wrote
lyrics for the tune, the sheet-music sold over a half-million copies and
more than a million recordings, it was on the Hit Parade for three months,
and was given luxurious arrangements for large orchestras.
A close glimpse into Tiomkin's craftsmanship is exemplified by his further
remarks in that same 1951 Films in Review article: ". . . It may seem
incredible, but many actors' voices, however pleasant in themselves, and
regardless of pitch, are incompatible with certain instruments. Clarinets,
for instance, get in the way of some voices and magnificently complement
others. Further, clarinets may be alien to the spirit of a play, or the
characterization of a part. Some actors have voices that are easy to write
for. Actors like John Wayne impose almost no burdens on the composer.
Wayne's voice happily happens to have a pitch and timbre that fits almost
any instrumentation. Jimmy Stewart is another actor for whom it is a delight
to write music. [Oddly], his speaking voice is not 'musical.' But it has a
slightly nasal quality and occasionally 'cracks' in a way that is easy to
complement. Jean Arthur's voice is somewhat similar. . . The 'crack' in Miss
Arthur's and Mr. Stewart's voices is one of those strangely appealing
imperfections, like a single strand of rebellious hair on an otherwise
impeccable moonlight coiffure. But don't pursue this appeal of imperfect
voices too far, [lest you] run into Andy Devine."
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David Raksin said it best when he asked,
"How did this Ukranian cowpoke make the pilgrimage from his native land
to the Capital of Make-Believe, where seldom is heard an encouraging
word?"
There are several reasons Tiomkin was so adept at scoring American
westerns. One was that he himself loved American music and was eager to
absorb it. During his student days, it was at his favorite St.
Petersburg cafe, The Homeless Dog, that he was exposed to (and developed
a genuine interest in) American popular music, ragtime, blues, early
jazz, Irving Berlin, Jerome Kern, and the like. We must also be mindful
that a positive, satisfying, and enjoyable atmosphere can have positive,
satisfying and even fulfilling results -- at any level and in any venue.
People can best perform well when they're offered the conditions under
which good performance is possible (a concept from which many corporate
employers today might learn).
To this end Frank Capra offered Tiomkin printed musical anthologies of
American folk songs, cowboy ballads, work songs, New England hymns,
negro spirituals, lumber camp and riverboat tunes, and the like. Tiomkin
devoured them as he studied and played through them -- and this music
flowered in various incarnations in many of his film scores. The
differences between the cinematic American music of Dimitri Tiomkin and
the abstract, real-world musical Americana of Aaron Copland are
impossible to really "define," but they're fundamental and very easy to
recognize. The distinctions in the music can't be effectively
"explained," any more than music can be accurately described in words --
but those distinctions can be heard and felt.
Ironically, in the entire musical literature, the passage that may be as
suggestive of the American West as anything else could possibly be is
from a thoroughly Russian work by a thoroughly Russian composer: the
1937 fifth symphony of Dmitri Shostakovich, one of the most important
symphonists of the 20th century (he composed fifteen of them). The
brief, peaceful sequence, 18 bars long and only about 45 seconds in
duration, is scored as a dialogue between solo flute and solo French
horn, with an accompanying slow, lilting ostinato figuration in the
strings in one of the composer's favorite rhythms. By purely
instrumental means, it easily conjures up the ideal image of a lone
horseman riding at dusk slowly across the prairie.
It's also easy to imagine what Wayne's Alamo might have been like had it
been scored by the then-59-year-old Copland rather than by Tiomkin, just
as "The Ten Commandments" would have been a completely different film had
the music been written, instead of by Elmer Bernstein, by, say, Henry
Mancini ("Days of Wine and Moses"). Conjecture is fruitless but still
fascinating.
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Another and perhaps even more significant
reason for Tiomkin's affinity for composing fitting music for American
western films is the geographical and other similarities between those
areas of our own country and certain areas of his. Tiomkin himself said,
"The problems of the cowboy and the cossack are very similar. They share
a love of nature and a love of animals. Their courage and their
philosophical attitudes are similar -- and the steppes of Russia are
much like the prairies of America." -- Those who have been to places
like Massachusetts and Connecticut will fully understand that the upper
eastern seacoast of the United States isn't called New England for
nothing: many of its rural areas resemble the English countryside. And
if we found ourselves suddenly transported to one of two particular
desolate locations on entirely different continents, we'd be
hard-pressed to identify our surroundings as being Death Valley,
California or the southern Sinai peninsula.
The word steppe is pronounced shtep in Russian. It's essentially the
kind of vast, treeless plain that we might see (again in the words of
David Raksin) "several hours east of Moscow, Russia -- or ten minutes
outside Moscow, Idaho."
Raksin continued, ". . . The disconcerting thing about Tiomkin's career
is that despite his musical flair and the undeniable effectiveness of
his film scores, he remains unrespected by his peers in the profession,
many of whom think of him as a fraud. This is not fair, but to some
extent [he] brought it upon himself [by] his excessive reliance on his
orchestrators, some of whom also earned considerable renown in their own
right as composers: Robert Russell Bennett, Hugo Friedhofer, William
Grant Still, Bernhard Kaun, and others. George Parrish, who worked with
Dimitri for a long time, remarked, 'It would take one orchestrator a
whole lifetime to orchestrate a Tiomkin score.' This was because he did
not really think orchestrally, and almost invariably wrote great
cascades of pianistic notes. As Bernhard Kaun put it, '. . . one had to
re-think his ideas in an orchestral way.' I can verify this problem from
an experience I had with him on a Universal film, The Road Back, when I
had to re-adapt a huge battle sequence."
Tiomkin's own handwritten manuscript sketches offer telling clues to his
musical work-habits. He composed at the piano (some composers do, others
don't), and he wrote very quickly, using pencils with very dark lead.
Though his sketches can initially be difficult to decipher, one soon
sees that all the music is encapsulated within those sketches per se.
His films were brimming with music, and his music was brimming with
notes, just as certain books and articles are brimming with information.
Alfred Newman, the head man at the Music Department at 20th-Century-Fox
-- he composed the fanfare we still hear today heralding that studio's
films -- once wondered what could really be accomplished if the
composers were truly given enough time to compose a film score.
Tiomkin was initially slated to score "How The West Was Won" but eye
surgery dictated that another composer be engaged, and the assignment
went to Alfred Newman. During his preparation of the score, he was seen
leaving the studio one day shaking his head and saying, to no-one in
particular, "How the hell am I going to do something original for
another Indian chase?!" He went home -- and in a feat of pure
musicianship he ended up writing something original for the new Indian
chase in question.
A musician must be able to "hear" with his or her eyes, translating what
he sees on the printed or manuscript page into what he would hear when
the notes are played. A natural aptitude and thorough training both play
a role here. A good musician -- and all great conductors -- will
operatively be able to look at a score and know how the music will
sound. The trained ear can identify Igor Stravinsky, for example, after
hearing only a few bars of his music. It has a Stravinsky sound and even
his printed scores have a Stravinsky look.
Similarly, Tiomkin's musical note-hand was very legible and his
manuscripts visually seem to represent how his music would actually
sound. As composer David Raksin implied, Tiomkin was primarily a pianist
by training and experience, and he thusly thought and composed
pianistically, so sonic textures for his films had to be re-worked by
orchestrators -- translated, in effect -- into purely orchestral terms
for the soundtrack. Tiomkin succeeded in Hollywood not because he
thought orchestrally, but in spite of the fact that he didn't.
While the music for John Wayne's "The Alamo" was composed by Tiomkin, Max
Steiner had written the score for an earlier movie, The Last Command, an
Alamo-related film in which the focus was on James Bowie, portrayed by
Sterling Hayden. In each film, the siege of the Alamo was depicted as a
feature of the story, and both composers naturally leaned toward drama
in their music rather than toward musically historical accuracy per se.
We must recognize that a movie is primarily entertainment, and that a
film score is not a course in music history.
Neither composer used even a paraphrase of the De Guello, the historical
Mexican Army bugle tune literally signaling "no prisoners, no quarter,"
and which according to some traditions was played before or during the
final assault on the Alamo in 1836. If the authentic De Guello tune was
sounded within earshot of the Alamo at any time on March 6, it would
have been the last music the defenders heard.
Even the term De Guello suggests the concept of "guillotine." "The word
De Guello signifies the act of beheading or throat-cutting . . . which
meant complete destruction of the enemy without mercy." -- Handbook of
Texas Online.
"The music was a hymn of hate and merciless death, played to spur the
Mexican troops forward in their final assault on the Alamo." Thus wrote
the late Walter Lord in A Time to Stand, for decades considered a
definitive telling of the Alamo tale -- although a more recent book, The
Alamo Story: From Early History to Current Conflicts by J.R. Edmondson
(Republic of Texas Press, Plano, Texas, 2000), sheds newer and more
comprehensive light on the matter and has been cited as a volume that
could replace Walter Lord's as the last word in books on the Alamo's
history.
Of course, both Tiomkin and Steiner composed their own original scores
for these films. It was an expedient for each of them to write immediate
music for their sequences rather than research period melodies. ("I have
a passion for idleness," Rossini said -- he was notoriously lazy -- and
if while composing in bed a page of manuscript fell to the floor, he'd
sooner just re-write it than retrieve the errant sheet). In "The Alamo", Tiomkin's musical treatment of the assault scenes is a natural outgrowth
of the music that came before it in the film, and is tuneful and
symphonic in spirit, with his De Guello melody (which actually appeared
previously in another John Wayne film, "Rio Bravo") an ominous and
threatening paraphrase of the poignant main theme of "The Alamo"'s opening
credits (heard there with solo trumpet and guitars, for a "Mexican flavoring," featured in the scoring). Both of those passages were
written by Tiomkin predominantly in a minor key.
Max Steiner's musical treatment of the corresponding De Guello cinematic
event in "The Last Command", on the other hand, is as diametrically
different from Tiomkin's as any two musical passages might be. Like
their personalities and characters, they are so dissimilar that the only
things they have in common are musical form and their particular 1830s
Texas subject matter. Steiner's De Guello rendering is polytonal and
strident in the extreme. Music played in major and minor keys
simultaneously has, by its musical definition, a noticeable dissonance
-- and when combined with the visuals of a film, a very unsettling one.
By the intensity of its instrumental terracing, Steiner's De Guello has
an almost frightening brutality that seems more in keeping with what the
Alamo defenders ultimately experienced at the hands of Santa Anna on
that fateful morning so long ago -- and the absolute massacre that his
army experienced at the hands of Gen. Sam Houston's forces at San
Jacinto six weeks later.
At the playing of the De Guello at this point in "The Last Command", a
short but very telling dialog seems to sum up the situation in the
proverbial nutshell: "It gives me the willies!" said Arthur Hunnicutt
(who portrayed Davy Crockett) to Sterling Hayden, whose response was,
"It's meant to."
Dimitri Tiomkin's signature in one of the Alamo's VIP Guestbooks. Image from Jeffrey Dane's archive
Composer Carter Burwell adopted a very different original approach with
the music he composed for the 2004 Disney-produced film, "The Alamo". To
his credit, he used the traditional De Guello tune, and even interwove
into the embroidery of the score a variant of it, with David Crockett
(portrayed by Billy Bob Thornton) accompanying on his fiddle the
on-scene music being played by the Mexican ensemble at that moment in
one of those sequences. The bystander in a top hat very briefly visible
in the scene is Carter Burwell himself. Portions of his score for this
film have a hymn-like character almost religious in its quality, giving
those portions of his music an intensely spiritual mood. Elsewhere, the
inventive instrumentation suggests the very kinds of sounds the Alamo
defenders themselves might have expected to hear in 1836. It's an
evocative score.
A composer's function in the context of a movie is not to force his
music upon the audience, but to infuse the music into the film by an
integration between image and sound. Composing music is a solitary and
very serious matter, but film-making is a team effort. Indeed, since the
composer's very objective is a composition and not an "imposition," an
earnest composer will not try to make himself the star of the film.
("Just who's going up that staircase? Me, or Max Steiner?!" --
attributed to Bette Davis). It's been said that a good score can't save
a bad picture, but that, ironically, a bad score won't invalidate a good
film.
20th-century composer Paul Hindemith ended many of his most important
works conspicuously in a major key, and Sergei Rachmaninoff was in the
habit of invariably closing his large-scale works with four prominent
chords (in whatever rhythm), representing the syllables of his last
name. It was Dimitri Tiomkin's custom to sometimes take positive
advantage of an instrumental peculiarity as a specific and effective
compositional device. He wasn't alone in doing this. As one example, in
some of his orchestral works Stravinsky notated a prominent glissando
for trombone as an integral part of a given passage. As another, in
Maurice Ravel's own recording with the Lamoureux Orchestra of his Boléro
(written in 1928), the trombone solo's glissandos are more pronounced
than on just about any other recording of the work. They are so distinct
and specifically defined on this important aural document that they make
this historic 16-minute performance -- recorded more than 80 years ago,
in January, 1930 -- unique among the currently-available 200-plus
recordings of this popular work by other conductors.
As yet another example, in certain kinds of sequences Dimitri Tiomkin
would indicate "Flz." in the trumpet part -- Flatterzunge (pronounced
FLAHTTer-tsoongeh, German for "flutter-tongue"). It's a contrived
instrumental sound, produced by some brass and woodwinds, that comes as
close to an ominous musical snarl as anything possibly could. Depending
on the screen action that accompanies it, the sound can render a very
effective tonal suggestion of virtually unbridled terror. In any event
it gets one's aural attention; the visual counterpart of it would be the
sight of a seriously angry and menacingly growling dog.
Tiomkin seemed so fond of flutter-tongue passages that they became
almost one of his compositional hallmarks, in the sense of being a kind
of musical calling-card. It enabled listeners to identify what they were
hearing as being by no-one but Tiomkin himself. We hear conspicuous
flutter-tonguing in many of his scores, such as those for "The Thing"
(when the shape of the alient aircraft is being determined), "Land of the
Pharaohs" (the triumphal march accompanying the return of Pharaoh and his
army at the beginning of the film), "The Alamo" (during the final
assault), "The Guns of Navarone" (heralding the first view of "the guns"),
and even at the start of the opening credits of "The High and the Mighty".
At the moment Pharaoh Khufu (Jack Hawkins) dies in "Land of the Pharaohs", Tiomkin uses flutter-tonguing in the flute, to great effect. His music
for this film was as "authentically Egyptian" as he was -- but it was
atmospheric, suggestive, and effective. On the film's soundtrack, the
singing by the choruses might sound middle-Eastern -- it was meant to --
but the words have absolutely no meaning: they were literally concocted
by Tiomkin to evoke period singing of ancient Egypt and actually amount
to gibberish. The choruses were prepared and led by Jester Hairston, who
served a similar function in Wayne's Alamo film, and who also appeared
in it as Jethro, Bowie's slave.
Miklos Rozsa took similar license when he scored Something of Value
(about the Mau-Mau), researching Kikuyu music and writing passages for
an African choir. Though he used actual Kikuyu words, he also
acknowledged that he wrote his own Kikuyu phrases per se: ". . .
somebody found me a [Kikuyu] dictionary and I picked words at random. I
hoped the Mau-Mau would never see the picture, knowing that I could
expect no mercy from them if they did." Even Stravinsky himself, the
most influential composer of the 20th century, had done this in his
Symphony of Psalms, composed in 1930 and revised in 1948: he selected
Latin words purely for their sound properties and by how well they'd fit
with the music he composed, without overmuch regard to whether they'd
make sense in Latin or not.
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Most of those who worked for the studios
composed exclusively for the screen, and with the exception of their
student-days pieces, works like sonatas, string quartets, concerti,
symphonies and other music intended for recital or concert performance
never came from their pens. Three chief exceptions were Erich Wolfgang
Korngold, Franz Waxman, and Miklos Rozsa; significantly, all were
conservatory-trained. Tiomkin, however, followed the route of most of
his Hollywood colleagues, and during his time there he never wrote a
"free-standing" work -- that is, self-sufficient music that could exist
on its own merits in the concert hall and which is not based or
dependent upon a film's visuals. Tiomkin clothed his work in musical
garb that suited his films admirably -- he was, after all, composing the
kind of music he knew Hollywood needed, or at least wanted, for its
movies.
Though it can have its place and be effective in comedy, the sacrilege
of "mickey-mousing" a scene in a serious movie is a cardinal sin for a
film composer. Most avoid it. Certain words, though contrived, are
unique to musical terminology. When a tone is lowered a half-step, the
note is flatted, not "flattened" -- and when a tone is raised a
half-step, the note is sharped rather than "sharpened." To "mickey-mouse"
a sequence is a term very specific to film music: it defines the
procedure where the onscreen action is literally mimicked
instrumentally. Someone misses a step and tumbles down a flight of
stairs -- while a corresponding and simultaneous torrent of descending
notes from various woodwinds accompany the tumble, punctuated by
percussion instruments like xylophones or marimbas, and end with the
victim sprawled at the staircase bottom with the obligatory cymbal-crash
and bass-drum thud. We've all seen and heard this in one form or
another, particularly in cartoons where this mickey-mousing tradition is
appropriate, de rigueur, and does in fact point up that venue's comedy.
In drama or adventure films, however, the musical accompaniment to the
action should be subtle rather than obvious, subliminal rather than
conscious. In the interests of truth, justice, and the American way,
even a musical superman can on occasion fall prey to the travesty. In
Land of the Pharaohs, a sequence where a large stone is being slowly
lowered into place is attended by a lumbering series of related,
descending note figurations unbefitting a composer of Tiomkin's skills,
sensibilities and professionalism. Musically the passage is awkward and
rather discomfiting, and is frankly somewhat embarrassing to the trained
musical ear.
Dominic Power wrote, "[Tiomkin] could also lapse into moments of
[musical] vulgarity -- his powerful score for Rudolph Maté's doom-laden
film noir, D.O.A., is marred by the bizarre intrusion of the sliding
woodwind wolf-whistle that marks the appearance of a pretty woman. . .
Howard Hawks apparently dropped Tiomkin from "Hatari!" because he refused
to use authentic African instruments." The score for "Hatari!" (the word
means danger in Swahili) was ultimately given to Henry Mancini, whose
inventive orchestrations were a feature of his music and who provided
for sections of the film a convincing (if not truly authentic) "African"
sound. He did this by using not an African medium but a traditional
Hungarian instrument called a czymbalom (sometimes differently spelled
but pronounced as CHIM-ba-lom), which in its metallic, silvery timbre
seems to combine the sounds of a broken-down harpsichord with those of a
badly-tuned piano. Mancini's imaginative use of the czymbalom (it's the
Magyar word for a hammered dulcimer) conjures up the image of days on
the African plains as easily as nights on the Hungarian Puszta.
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A word, now, about the overall nature of
Tiomkin's work. Some believe his musical output had an uneven quality.
From a purely musical standpoint -- and as an observation, not as a
judgement -- some of his work appears to have a pronounced
One-Size-Fits-All characteristic at the expense of intensity and depth.
It conjures up a kind of glossy, all-purpose facility a-la Saint-Saëns,
and sometimes borders on the slick and superficial. It strikes some
musicians as allowing for a near-interchangeability of musical passages
in certain kinds of sequences among entirely different films, and by
reason of its lack of singularity this could in certain cases affect a
movie's consequence and the memorability of its music. It's comparable
in some respects to the far-in-advance and well-prepared virtuoso
keyboard passagework that late 18th-century or early 19th-century piano
soloists could snip off by the yard and use for any contingency in their
"improvisations." Nevertheless -- and this indeed is what matters most
-- there's no question that Tiomkin's music, while perhaps not perfect,
was ideal for the films he scored and fit them well.
Tiomkin's critics often accused him of writing music that was loud and
assertive, claiming that his scores were bombastic and that they lacked
subtlety. Even Beethoven produced some works that turned out to be
"sub-standard Beethoven" and of almost embarrassing quality (to wit:
Wellington's Victory). Often there's more than what meets the ear. What
belies and invalidates the critical finger-pointing are the scores
Tiomkin composed for films like "The Moon and Sixpence", "The Men", "I
Confess", and "36 Hours". Tony Thomas termed "beautifully subdued and
delicate" Tiomkin's score for Howard Hawks' film "The Big Sky".
Let it be said once and for all that Dimitri Tiomkin could certainly
compose passages that were affectingly touching, and which in some cases
reached almost heart-rending musical beauty. One such example is the
night scene in Wayne's Alamo in which James Bowie (Richard Widmark)
reads the news of his wife's death; another is the tail-end of the
sequence in Land of the Pharaohs where Khufu, while camped at an oasis
enroute to Luxor, hears the news of his Queen's passing. Most
regrettable is that the brevity of these and similar musical passages
robbed the audience of cinematic experiences that could have been that
much more intense and memorable.
It was hoped that the film "Duel in the Sun" would become the "Gone With
The Wind" of western movies. It was scored by Tiomkin, but only after a
totally disgraceful episode born of the wisdom of David O. Selznick and
for which Tiomkin was certainly not to blame. -- Selznick's plan was to
engage four of Hollywood's finest composers on salary for two weeks and
have each of them score one particular sequence in the movie, after
which Selznick himself would select the "best" composer who would then
score the entire film. It may be hard to believe, but the corporate
mindset was exemplified by his reprehensible stipulation that the two
weeks' salary was to be included as part of that composer's final
payment. One of the composers so "honored" with this outrage was Miklos
Rozsa. He informed Selznick -- in not so many words but in no uncertain
terms -- that what the producer could do with his idea was something
Rozsa wouldn't say in front of people. It was Rozsa himself who had
composed the Oscar-winning score for Selznick's film Spellbound, and
even if the producer had never even heard a note of Rozsa's music the
composer would have considered the "audition" an insult.
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Recapitulation -- The Tiomkin Stories
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Dimitri Tiomkin and George Gershwin. Image from Jeffrey Dane's archive
In addition to the masterworks that have
come from the individual composers, one of the veritable treasures of
our aggregate musical legacy is the profusion and multiplicity of
anecdotes about its history and practitioners. The details in these
vignettes, like so much else, can change not only from one generation to
another but even from telling to telling. Still, the fact remains that
these anecdotes can be so inherently significant, so revealing, that
they often become an inextricable feature of our understanding of the
musicians and what they do.
• As mentioned, Tiomkin played a seminal role in one of George
Gershwin's major works. At one point in his life, the already-famous
Gershwin wanted to meet Maurice Ravel and arranged an introduction in
Paris, where he asked Ravel to accept him as a student. "How much did
you earn last year on Broadway, Monsieur Gershwin?" asked Ravel. Replied
Gershwin, "About a half-million dollars." Ravel's response was, "I'll
study with you!" (A similar vignette has been told involving
Stravinsky).
• The following story was told to me personally by a former denizen of
Hollywood, though the tale itself might have been invented. At an
official function, Tiomkin was introduced to England's Prince Philip,
Duke of Edinburgh, who told the composer how much he enjoyed hearing his
music in films -- and then asked if the composer planned to write
something for one of London's concert halls. Replied Tiomkin decisively,
in his inimitable Russian accent, "No! Concert music doesn't make the
moneys!"
• In serious interviews, however, Tiomkin refuted the belief that he was
in films only because they were lucrative. (In actor Victor Mature's
case, he admitted as much). Certainly a financial inducement existed,
while composing music for the screen presented certain performance and
recording opportunities otherwise not afforded in the real world. In
what other circumstances could a musical composition be performed by
superb professional musicians almost before the ink on the manuscript
paper was completely dry? In many ways Tiomkin, and the other composers
in Hollywood, were living in the best of three worlds: composing their
own music, hearing it take a virtually permanent place in posterity, and
being well-paid for it. ". . . As an apologia pro vita sua, this is the
most, and the best, that any creative artist has the right to expect."
-- This is how Miklos Rozsa closed his own memoirs. In Tiomkin's own
words: "It isn't true that I do it only for the money. Writing film
music lets me compose in as fine a style as I am capable of. I'm a
classicist by nature and if you examine my scores you will find fugues,
rondos, and passacaglias [strict musical structures in the classical
traditions, the influence of his teacher, Glazounov, in St. Petersburg].
I'm no Beethoven but I think if I had devoted myself to concert
compositions I might have been a Rachmaninoff [who was both a great
composer and one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century]. I'm not
in sympathy with the harsh, atonal music of today. It's enough to
lacerate your ears. Perhaps that is why I have done well in films. . ."
• Interestingly, one difference between the two musicians, above, was
that Tiomkin was primarily a pianist who earned his living as a
composer, while Rachmaninoff was mainly a composer who earned his living
as a pianist. Extending this, Leonard Bernstein was a pianist, composer,
and educator -- but he earned his living primarily as a conductor.
• In 1945 Tiomkin composed the music for the movie, "San Pietro". Since he
gave a fugal treatment to the battle action music in this film, one
might consider these portions of the score as a study for the
corresponding sequences in "The Guns of Navarone" sixteen years later.
• One day in mid-March, 2007, during my stay in Los Angeles, Alamo
historian, Bowie expert, and artist Joseph Musso collected me at my
lodgings and asked me if there was any particular place nearby I wanted
to see. "How far are we from 1915 Outpost Drive?," I asked. It was only
a very short drive away, less than a mile (I had no way of knowing this,
but as a years-long resident of Los Angeles, Joe certainly did: he once
lived nearby). Tiomkin lived there for a time during the early 1940s.
Joe's own house is situated 1,400 feet up in the mountains -- but all he
and I could see as we slowly passed the former Tiomkin home were the
1,400-foot hedges (so they seemed) that protected the house and grounds
from street view in all directions. (I since learned that by August,
1944, Tiomkin was living at 1421 North Western Avenue in Los Angeles).
• A personal success for some can be as dangerous as a professional
failure for others. It's an unfortunate given that professional
jealousies exist; they exist in all fields, and those who have had some
success are often perceived as a threat even by other successful people
who have already made their mark. Louis Pasteur was a chemist, not a
physician; this helps explain (but doesn't justify) the animosity toward
him by eminent doctors for his having had the audacity to tread on their
exclusive terra firma and make important discoveries. Being human,
Dimitri Tiomkin was as subject to personal character limitations as
anyone else. During the early 1940s he was in charge of the Hollywood
bureau that assigned musicians to civilian jobs for the war effort. One
of the composers, thirteen years younger than Tiomkin, received a draft
notice one day in 1943. In the August 21, 2008 issue of Films in Review,
the younger composer's son, Nicholas, was quoted in a 1995 interview
that his "father was advised to contact the Selective Service's Motion
Picture Office, in the hope of being requisitioned to compose and
conduct music for military training films. . . Tiomkin turned my father
down, saying that his services weren't needed. This virtually
[guaranteed] that my father would end up serving in combat, and he could
only believe that Tiomkin did this out of jealousy -- after all, my
father already had one Academy Award nomination at the time. He avoided
. . . contact with Tiomkin from that day forward. . . [Ultimately for
medical reasons] my father was declared 4-F, unfit for military service,
. . . and he contributed to the war effort by conducting [the ensemble]
at the Hollywood Canteen." The younger composer in question was Miklos
Rozsa, and as an indication of his own personality and character, it's
noteworthy that when he wrote his memoirs four decades later, he made no
mention whatsoever in the book of this episode -- or of Tiomkin at all
-- giving even more credence to the reputation Rozsa had of being an
authentic gentleman.
• It's been said that Tiomkin was the John Williams of his day. While he
was working on the score for "The Guns of Navarone", he had a young
musician assisting him with the orchestrations of some of the sequences.
That man's name was John Williams.
• When Tiomkin was asked how a Russian could compose music for an
American Western, he replied, rather characteristically, "Did our
producer on Red River know how to lasso a steer?"
• Near the rear exit (in the north transept) of the Alamo Church there's
a guestbook that invites the signatures of all visitors. Somewhat
paradoxically, though -- and in contradiction of the concept and
principles of equality and the abolition of class distinction for which
our Foundings Fathers fought -- there's another, special book kept
behind the main desk in the Church: this one is designated as the VIP
Guestbook. On a page in one of these (now elsewhere archived) exclusive
Guestbooks from late 1960 - early 1961, the boldest signature is that of
Dimitri Tiomkin. John Wayne's Alamo film premiered on October 24, 1960,
at the Woodlawn Theatre in San Antonio. Many of those involved with the
film and who were in San Antonio for the event were lodged at the
still-extant St. Anthony Hotel, directly across the street from the
southern perimeter of Travis Park. (According to the guest register,
Tiomkin stayed in Room 320). Close scrutiny of this page in this VIP
Alamo Guestbook also reveals some very familiar names, in various
fields: Price Daniel; Lon Tinkle; several descendants of Gen. Sam
Houston -- and the man who actually portrayed Gen. Houston in Wayne's
film: Richard Boone himself.
• It's been said that Bela Lugosi's English was never fluent, and that
our language was a hurdle that Dimitri Tiomkin never cleared, either. In
his spoken English, he forever retained his pronounced Russian
inflection, but being as inventive in his choice of English words as he
was in his use of his musical materials, he was as masterful at verbal
variation as Brahms was of the corresponding musical modification.
Finding fewer attendees than he expected at a gathering one day, Tiomkin
is reported to have said, "I see several who is not here." And once when
rehearsing an orchestra, where most conductors would instruct their
musicians, "Morendo, morendo" (dying away), Tiomkin directed the
ensemble in his own inimitable way to make the music end quietly and
mysteriously, explaining to the players just how the sound should
gradually disappear: "It must varnish into the air."
• Shrewd and uncompromising in his actual business dealings, Tiomkin was
known to have been among the most personable people in the film colony.
It was often said that the composers in Hollywood were among the sanest
and most enlightened of all the sometimes convoluted film folk. One
characteristic that set them, including Tiomkin (to his credit), apart
from others is that they crusaded for the Hollywood studio musicians by
promoting better pay and residuals for them. Musician John Green
described Tiomkin as "a fully effective human being. . . His gift for
gracious hospitality gives him happiness. You have never been a guest
until Tiomkin has been your host."
• The anecdote that might best typify Dimitri Tiomkin regards his second
Academy Award. -- When in 1955 he accepted his Oscar for "The High and
the Mighty", his speech included the (here paraphrased) remark, "I want
to thank my 'collaborators': Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, Johann Strauss,
Richard Wagner, Tchaikovsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, . . ." It was a
crystallized and thoroughly undisguised acknowledgement of the cinematic
debt that some of the composers in Hollywood owed to the work of past
masters, whose music had influenced what was written for the silver
screen. Negative remarks were common about screen composers plaigiarising from the classics -- and here was Dimitri Tiomkin giving
free acknowledgement to the ultimate influence the great composers had
on Hollywood. Some swear he was being facetious by intent, while others
(himself included) claimed he was paying a sincere tribute to the
composers who came before him. With Dimitri Tiomkin, you couldn't always
be certain just what he meant.
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Franz Waxman 1950. Image from Jeffrey Dane's archive
An interesting tangential statistic is that Tiomkin invariably worked
freelance, and that by the end of the 1950s he was the highest-paid
composer in the history of film. Similarly, it was Franz Waxman who was
certainly among the most musically earnest of all the composers in
Hollywood: he was a very serious musician and he treated his work so
genuinely that he often put more effort into a score than the movie
actually deserved. Waxman was appalled by Tiomkin's Oscar ceremony
remarks and soon afterward berated him for so seemingly trivializing
their profession. Tiomkin replied, "I don't know why you're so annoyed,
Franz. I don't hear any influences of these great composers in your
music." Waxman was so mystified by this that all he could do was shake
his head and leave.
The differences in personality between Tiomkin and Waxman were not only
vast but also diametric. Tiomkin was obvious, Waxman was subtle. Tiomkin
was the extrovert, Waxman the introvert. Where Tiomkin was explanatory,
Waxman tended to let his work speak for itself. Where Tiomkin's ego was
evident, Waxman put his ego into his music. Tiomkin was Slavic,
ebullient and flamboyant, Waxman was Germanic, more restrained and
casual. Tiomkin was the Romantic, Waxman the Classicist. Tiomkin broke
some new ground, Waxman cultivated an existing musical garden. Tiomkin
could be Mephistophelian, Waxman could be almost angelic.
Some associate power with size. To equate quantity with quality is a
feature of the human condition, but they're not synonymous. Who but the
shallow would say a fine string quartet must be of lesser value than a
fine symphony because of the ensemble size? As umbrage takes many forms,
so does scholarship: we find it in art (are large paintings greater than
smaller ones?), in literature (are all books necessarily more noteworthy
than newspaper or magazine articles by reason of their individual
publication arrangement, form, and length?), and in countless other
fields of endeavor. Can one claim a difference in significance between
the 90-minute Battle of the Alamo and the 18-minute Battle of San
Jacinto merely by reason of their duration? Results should speak for
themselves.
No-one comments on the absurdity of claiming that Maurice Jarre's score
for "Doctor Zhivago" is six times better than Rozsa's for "Ben-Hur" because
the former soundtrack recording eventually sold a million and a half
albums while the latter sold a mere quarter of a million. Additionally,
to imply that Rozsa, with three Academy Awards, was only 75-percent as
good a composer as Dimitri Tiomkin (with four Oscars) would be, in a
word, ludicrous, and even infantile. These awards have been bestowed
largely through what's become known in our popular culture as the
Hollywood mentality. It tells us often that you're only as good as your
most recent success, while those of more substance would know that
you're always as good as the best thing you've ever done. In many cases,
the accolades are offered not "because" of particular quality, but in
spite of its lack. Such circumstances might be best illustrated by a
withering comment to a defense attorney by Judge Dan Haywood (portrayed
by Spencer Tracy, "the Actor's Actor") in the 1961 film "Judgement at
Nuremburg" (with a score by Ernest Gold). ". . . Herr Rolf, I have
admired your work in the court for many months. You are particularly
brilliant in your use of logic, so what you suggest [that these
war-crime defendants will be free within five years] may very well happpen. It is logical, in view of the times in which we live. -- But to
be 'logical' is not to be Right, and nothing on God's earth could ever
make it Right."
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Coda
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In his book The Haunting Melody, Freud's
disciple Theodor Reik crystallized in prose an explanation of music, or
at least what it does, that's as good as any description could be. He
said that language is at its poorest when it tries to grasp and
communicate human nuances and shades of feeling -- that very area in
which music is most efficient and expressive. He added that music is a
language of human emotion, the expression of the inexpressible, that its
vocabulary is an esperanto of emotions rather than of ideas, and can
therefore express what people feel much more than what they think.
Actually composing music is among the most isolated, time-consuming,
labor-intensive, and serious matters this writer can think of. Just as
the French horn is one of the most difficult orchestral instruments to
play well, one of the most difficult creative tasks in the world that
involves music is writing effective prose that deals with it. How does
one "describe" music? -- Tiomkin's countryman and long-ago
fellow-student, Sergei Prokofiev, came close to verbalizing the effects.
On a visit to New York in the 1920s, he wrote home, "The Blues are a
type of mournful fox-trot, usually having the
'I-love-you-but-you-do-not-love-me' theme." In this, he very efficiently
described in words what The Blues suggests in music. He also wrote,
"While walking through the enormous park in the middle of Manhattan, I
thought with a cold fury of the wonderful American orchestras that care
nothing for me or my music." Here, he was clearly -- and very
effectively -- describing in prose his feelings and reaction to his
disappointments.
One of the twentieth century's most important composers, Prokofiev
brought to the reader with his words what Dimitri Tiomkin brought to the
movie-going public with much of his music -- and his finest music has
always underscored the action in his films while telling the same story
in its own unique language.
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Author's Bio
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Jeffrey Dane is a researcher, historian
and author whose writing on classical music and on the history of 1830s
Texas appears in print and online publications in the USA and abroad in
several languages. He didn't choose these interests -- they chose him.
He is perceived by some as being overly confrontational and thusly a
real idealist, and by others as being insufficiently engaged and thusly
an ideal realist. Both views have merit. His favorite city in Europe is
Vienna, and his favorite in the USA is San Antonio de Bexar. He has a
genuine passion for music, its composers, practitioners, history, and
literature, and for the history of the early American West. He learned
this trait of immersion during his student days from Leonard Bernstein,
who was a mentor, role-model, and significant influence on him during
his formative years. His most moving musical experiences have involved
his visits to the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig, where Bach, "the musical
voice of God," was the organist for the last decades of his life. His
most moving personal experiences have been meeting descendants of
historical individuals, and in many cases getting to know some of these
good people. They include Bill Redmann Bowie, Sandra Crockett-Giddings,
Albert Seguin, Ben Warren and Alfred Davis (descendants of Edward
Burleson), and Sam Houston IV, the great-grandson of Gen. Sam Houston.
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