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Visit biografmuseet.dk about Danish cinemas

 

The Story of the Todd-AO Projector
The history of one of the most remarkable film projectors of all time; the DP70.

Read more at in70mm.com
 
Written by: Thomas Hauerslev Date: 11.08.2019
The DP70 prototype at American Optical's ½-scale cinema. Image by American Optical

The DP70 70mm projector, or The Todd-AO projector, has its roots in CINERAMA, the first convincing "Puts you IN the Picture" type of cinema experience, which premiered in 1952. Broadway producer Michael Todd, initially VERY impressed with the demonstration of CINERAMA, called it "The Greatest thing since penicillin". He produced and directed the first half of the 3-strip demonstration film "This is CINERAMA". However, Mike Todd was frustrated with the technical limitations of the Cinerama process. As the story goes, he was displeased with CINERAMA's technology of three separate films and two visible "join lines" on the curved screen. The audience didn't seem to care, and was so impressed with CINERAMA and its convincing "first-person" illusion of reality, that it became the single most successful film of 1952 - and it only played in one cinema.

Mike Todd had high ambitions and set out to improve the first-person experience - which CINERAMA did so brilliantly - without three projectors, join lines and high installation, and labour costs. His goal was a system with one strip of film and one projector, which eventually became the Todd-AO motion picture process. As Mr Todd so pithily put it, he wanted "CINERAMA out of one hole". The Todd-AO Process would be a combination of several things, including: "New Sight, New Sound and New Screen", as the adverts said. A team of more than 100 American Optical engineers would work for three years to develop what became the Todd-AO Process. New cameras, new curved screen, new sound equipment, new lenses, accessories and not the least: a new 70mm projector.

A projector for 70mm film was needed. Unable to make one in-house, the development of the new Todd-AO projector was outsourced to the Philips Cinema company in Holland. Headed by Philips Cinemas chief designer Mr. Jan Jacob Kotte, Philips developed a 70mm machine which eventually would be a world wide success, and win an Oscar. An amazing achievement for the Eindhoven-based company in Holland.

The Todd-AO Projector, Philips model EL4000/01, or DP70, as it was named, became the "Rolls-Royce" of 70mm film projectors, and eventually was installed in nearly 700 prestige cinemas all over the world. Few, if any, other 70mm projectors were surround by similar glitz and glamour in the '50s as was the DP70. Associated with Todd-AO, Rodgers & Hammerstein's popular musicals, and not least the flamboyant Broadway producer Mike Todd, Philips made good use of the press for their prestigious product with a long line of adverts in trade magazines. No other 70mm projector had the same aura of fame as the DP70 had. The DP70 was loved by projectionists everywhere, and to this day (2019) some machines are still in service nearly 65 years later, after the first premiere in 1955.
 
More in 70mm reading:

DP70 - The Todd-AO Projector
DP70 Story
DP70 Cinemas everywhere
DP70 Serial Numbers

DP70s in Cinemas All over The World

DP70 / AAII / The Todd-AO Projector serial numbers: 0600 - 2532

Modernizing the DP70


Todd-AO
70mm Projectors


Internet link:


kinoton.de
Philips Museum

 

The Story of the Todd-AO Projector

 
Assembly line of DP70 machines.

Michael Todd formed a company with several other investors, including Rodgers and Hammerstein II, Joe Schenk and George Skouras and named it MAGNA. The purpose of Magna was to develop a new wide screen process. Magna Theatre Corporation commissioned American Optical company to develop the system which was to be named Todd-AO.

The purpose of the process was lined up like this:

"TODD-AO film, plus the TODD-AO camera, plus the TODD-AO "all-purpose" projector, plus TODD-AO Orthosonic sound, and the great, arced TODD-AO screen equal clarity of perspective, delineation, and color reproduction. But, most important with TODD-AO, audience participation now has its fullest expression."

For Todd-AO, a new projector was required. Unable to make one in-house, American Optical Company asked several US projector companies to build a new 70mm projector. None of them, however, believed a completely new 70mm projector could be ready in only nine months as required by MAGNA. Walter Siegmund recalls development of the DP70:

The [DP70] projector, of course, represents a wonderful story by itself, and the coordination of the projector design was done again through the instrument division at Buffalo, New York. Mr. William Peck, who became my boss years later, was the person who coordinated that work with the Philips company in Eindhoven. Mr. Kotte was the engineer at that company who was responsible for that wonderful piece of equipment that you see behind me.

In September 1953 Magna Theatre Corporation approached Philips Cinema, a division of Philips Electro Acoustics division (ELA) in Eindhoven, Holland. Dr. Brian O'Brien, American Optical Company's Head of Research and Development knew a tremendous number of people and he was well aware of Philips' projectors and their reputation of excellence.

Headed by Philips Cinemas chief designer Mr. Jan Jacob Kotte, Philips' Electro Acoustics division (ELA) was asked to manufacture a "multi purpose projector suitable for all 70mm and 35mm formats". Kotte and Philips knew it would be expensive, because at the time Philips Cinema was very busy making new equipment for CinemaScope. It was agreed that Magna Theatre Corporation had to buy 50 machines in the first order (For the initial 20-25 Todd-AO installations). American Optical Company's William (Bill) E. Peck and Jan J. Kotte, jointly designed and built the projector from the ground up in only nine months to meet Magna's deadline and specifications.
 

 
The Todd-AO projector was developed in this house on Jacques Perkstraat in surburbian Eindhoven. Picture by: Thomas Hauerslev

Technically responsible for Philips' cinema activities were:
Dr. J. de Boer, Technical Director (successor to H. Wildeboer)
P. Hinse, Manager Cinema Design Department
Jan Jacob Kotte, Chief Designer
P. Hoekstra, Designer Special Projects
A. A. Overmars, Manager Projector Assembly Department

It was a revolutionary projector and so versatile it could show any film format except horizontal double frame VistaVision. The DP70 brochure proudly claimed:

"... changeover from 35mm to 70mm will be accomplished by flicking a switch and twist one or two dials. It will be unnecessary to interchange film movements, gates etc".

The final version, however, did indeed require change of gates, pressure rollers, pressure bands etc. With a handy storage case containing all necessary parts for 35mm film, change-over from 70mm to 35mm could be done in less than four minutes. Philips claimed a four minutes conversion time, but that would be only the mechanical parts and not other aspects such as checking screen illumination, framing and centering. Jan Kotte worked day and night with his colleagues and even went as far as installing a home-office in Jacques Perkstraat in surburbian Eindhoven with a large drawing board. A work-from-home set-up was completely unheard of in 1953.

Go to Jan Jacob Kotte and His Dollar Princess by Anton Kotte
Go to A Brief History of Philips Cinema by
By C. G. Nijsen
Go to Construction of the Philips “All Purpose” projector DP70
 

 

Prototypes

 
Jan Jacob Kotte with a prototype DP70. Philips Newspaper clip, 1956.

Towards the end of 1954 the first set of three DP70 pre-production models were delivered to Magna Theatre Corporation, and pictures began to appear in magazines. As of February 1955, "Oklahoma!" was expected to open in early May 1955. By April 1955, the opening had been moved back to July 17, 1955.

The actual premiere for the public was 13. October 1955, following three days of invitational premieres.

The design of the prototypes was a little different from the nearly 1500-1600 serially produced machines. The main differences were:

• Mechanism door was mounted on the left side of the mechanism (door opened right to left)
• Mechanism interior was painted in the Philips Hammer tone Epoxy paint finish like the rest of the machine.
• The lens slide was significantly larger
• Prototypes did not carry serial numbers.

Prototypes are referred to as pre-production numbers X1, X2 etc. A pictures show Mr Kotte next to one prototype, most likely installed at Philips in Holland. One DP70 was installed at the American Optical Research Center in Southbridge (CT). It was a half-scale Todd-AO demonstration cinema with a curved screen. I would assume that two prototypes went to the Regent cinema in Buffalo (US). The American Optical Company had rented the Regent to use as the Todd-AO demonstration cinema with a big curved screen.

Another pair of prototypes were installed around 1956 in Hollywood at Todd-AO Studios, where they were used on Stage A until 2003, when they were moved across the street to Todd-AO Stage #2.

Possible DP70 Prototype Locations:
• Philips, Eindhoven, Holland
• American Optical Company, Southbridge, CT, USA
• Regent Theatre, Buffalo, NY, USA
• MGM Studios, Culver City, CA, USA
• Todd-AO, Kling Studios (The Chaplin Stage 2), Hollywood, CA, USA *)
• Todd-AO Studios Stage A, 1021 North Seward Street, Hollywood, USA (1962 - 2002)

*) Scoring stage for Mike Todd's "Around the World in 80 Days" in Todd-AO
 
 

The name “DP70”

 
Rene Pfaff operating the DP70 at Kinopalæet in Copenhagen. Image by Jan Niebuhr

Philips originally named the new Todd-AO projector the EL4000/01 in their catalogue, but it quickly became the DP70. The DP is short for "Double Projector" and the "70" meant it was designed specifically as a 70mm projector. It is interesting to note that in the state of Victoria, Australia, it was known as EL4000 and in the state of New South Wales, also Australia, it was known as DP70. Philips Cinema and Jan Kotte nicknamed the projector the "Dollar Princess" because they made a considerable amount of money developing it for Magna Theatre Corporation.

In the United States it simply became the "Todd-AO projector Catalogue 3070". Later the name was changed to "Universal 70/35" and finally from 1963, it became the "Norelco AAII". AA was very likely short for “Academy Award”. II meant “Version 2” because of the many new changes and improvements introduced to this model after winning the OSCAR. 
 
 

Cine Apergons - The Todd-AO projection lens

 
Todd-AO Cine Apergon

The Todd-AO projection lenses, known as Cine Apergons, were specially designed by American Optical Company for each cinema (so the press said) with aspherical surfaces on some of their elements.

Cine Apergons were available in these basic focal lengths

• 2,6" = 66mm
• 3" = 76mm
• 3,5" = 89mm
• 4,1" = 104mm
• 5,6" = 142mm
• 6,6" = 168mm

With a green magnifier, intermediate focal lengths could also be obtained.

They were very sturdy and heavy lenses. The pair used in Copenhagen almost "painted" an extremely sharp 70mm image on the curved 17 meter Todd-AO screen. Always in focus, great contrast and very bright images.

Go to 70mm film projection lenses for the DP70
 
 

Where were projectors manufactured?

 
On top of this Philips building in Eindhoven, Holland, all Philips' cinema projectors were enginered. The location was called "ELA" which is short for Electro Acoustive Division. There was a cinema in which the cinema equipment was installed, including a DP70. Picture by Editor.

All projector mechanisms were made in Holland in series of 100 at a time. (Source: In The Splendour of 70mm. Preserving Wide Film History, (DE: "Die Herrlichkeit von 70mm") by Grant Lobban). Other projector parts (lower base, upper base, spool boxes, mounting table for lamp house) were also made in the United States by American Optical Company and are clearly noted: "Made in Buffalo, New York". Some projectors were marked "Property of the Michael Todd Company, Inc".

In the US brochure dated S-61 (probably 1961) parts were made in Mount Vernon, New York. Projector parts made in the USA carry a serial number on the upper base with a production year and a production number. An example is 59-175. Later models only carry a 4-digit serial number.
 
 

Shipment

 
Parts for the machines in the US were made here at this factory. Image by Philips

In the fall of 1955, fifty DP70 projectors were shipped from Holland to the United States for the Michael Todd Company, Inc. Those fifty machines were most likely numbered from no 601 - 650 as being the first batch of DP70 machines. Fifty machine would be sufficient to equip 20-22 cinemas for the roll out of Todd-AO in the US for the premiere of "Oklahoma!". Normally two projectors would go into a cinema, but sometimes three were needed. Usually a theatre installation consisted of two machines in the projection room. A left and a right projector (as seen from the rear of the machines toward the screen). But in some cases three and four machines were needed in the most prestigious cinemas. A four-projector example is the Palais de Festival in Cannes and Musee du Cinema (1998) in Paris, both in France. Today it is not unusual to find a one-projector installation. The DP70 also works with platters (non-rewind/cake stands) and towers.

The first cinema to get the DP70 was The Rivoli Theatre in New York, to be able to host the World Premiere of Todd-AO and the first feature; Fred Zinnemann's "Oklahoma!" in Todd-AO on October 10, 1955. Rivoli was unique in the sense, it was also the Todd-AO demonstration cinema for the Todd-AO Corporation, and had two projection rooms on two different levels. A total of at least five DP70 machines went into the Rivoli. Two in the original projection room at the top, and three at the Mezzanine level. One of Mike Todd's important requirements for the new systems was to be able to install Todd-AO in ANY theatre without expensive rebuilding. That often meant to install DP70s in the original projection room in the back at the very top of the balcony. Projection from the original projection room meant a very steep down angle of throw, which resulted in some heavy distortion on the new curved Todd-AO screen.

The projection problems was addressed by the American Optical engineers with the unique Distortion Correcting Printing Process. It did work but was ultimately also abandoned because of technical imperfections. At the Rivoli, "Oklahoma!" premiered like that (a "rectified" print from the upper projection room), but it wasn't long until the Mezzanine level projection room was put into use, with head-on projection from three DP70s.

Todd-AO installations in the US were planned and carried out by The Todd-AO Corporation. The speed of installing Todd-AO equipment in the US went slower than expected due to the lack of film in the Todd-AO process.

By late 1955 the first four Todd-AO cinemas were:

1: 10.10.1955: The Rivoli, New York, USA (five machines)
2: 17.11.1955: Egyptian, Hollywood, USA
3: 24.12.1955: Los Angeles, Hollywood, USA
4: 26.12.1955: McVickers, Chicago, USA

-, followed by 24 additional "Oklahoma!" in Todd-AO installations all over North America:
 
 

Todd-AO outside the US

 
A pair of DP70 at Manchester Film Theatre, Manchester, England, 1969. Believed to be the last pair of DP70's to come out of Eindhoven in 1968. Image by Don Sykes

News about Todd-AO soon spread to foreign markets, including Japan, Australia and Europe.

By the time of the 1956 Photokina Exhibition in Cologne, Germany (29. September - 7. October) there were 21 Todd-AO cinemas in the US and Canada, and none elsewhere.

Philips had a big Photokina exhibition, with a full range of film projectors from their "Family Projector" series (FP4, FP5, FP56 etc). The centerpiece was their brand new DP70 and a big curved screen. For demonstration purposes, Louis de Rochemont's "The Miracle of Todd-AO" was shown many times and impressed cinema owners.

Foreign exhibitors were thrilled to see the Todd-AO demonstrations and soon lined up to order the new equipment from Philips's factories in Eindhoven. Especially German exhibitors. Germany was a big market for DP70, as most of the cinema industry was in ruins after the Second World War.

By 1957 there were nearly 60 Todd-AO installations in the US. Germany, Italy, Malta and Japan were about to get Todd-AO. By 1958, Todd-AO premiered in Denmark, Switzerland, France, Holland, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand. By the end of 1958 there were already ten DP70 installations in England (UK).

Roll out of Todd-AO DP70 cinemas by date and country:

13.10.1955. The Rivoli Theatre, New York, USA ("Oklahoma!")

25.04.1956. Tivoli, Toronto, Canada
28.12.1956. Shinjuko Koma Stadium, Tokyo, Japan 

14.02.1957. Adriano, Rome, Italy
14.03.1957. Savoy, Hamburg, Germany

21.04.1958. Dominion, London, UK ("South Pacific")
01.05.1958. USA Theatre EXPO 1958, Bruxelles, Belgium
22.09.1958. Gaumont, Glasgow, Scotland 
24.10.1958. 3 Falke Bio, Copenhagen, Denmark
25.10.1958. Apollo Cinerama, Zürich, Switzerland
12.12.1958. Plaza, Auckland, New Zealand
17.12.1958. Ermitage, Paris, France (July 9th 1958 Cinema ERMITAGE in English Cinema MAX LINDER in French)
19.12.1958. Asta Cinema, The Hague, Holland *)
26.12.1958. Mayfair, Sydney, Australia
26.12.1958. Adelphi, Dublin, Ireland

07.04.1959. Ritz, Stockholm, Sweden
23.09.1959. Cine Paz, Madrid, Spain

20.12.1960. Gartenbau Kino, Vienna

xx.xx.1966. Madeira, Portugal

and also here:

Luxor, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Plaza, Sliema, Malta
Regal, Kingston, Jamaica
Colosseum, Oslo, Norway
Monumental, Lisbon, Portugal
Forum, Moscow, Russia
Rizal/Galaxy, Manila, Philipines
Cine Olimpo, Caracas, Venezuela
Quellin, Antwerp, Belgium

*) The first public Todd-AO screening in The Netherlands was "THE MIRACLE OF TODD-AO", from 14.06.1957 during a filmweek in the (non cinema) Kurhaus, The Hague. (Jan-Hein Bal)

The first three UK Todd-AO installations were:

• London: Dominion
• Manchester: Gaumont Theatre
• Plymouth: The Drake
 
 

The DP70 Cinemas

 
Typical DP70 installation. Image by Philips.

In the 1950s and '60 it was customary for projector manufactures to keep inventory lists of all their 70mm installations. At least, Philips Cinema maintained a comprehensive DP70 list which they used to sell their products. On the back cover of the original European DP70 Brochure from August 1960, Philips listed 231 cinemas with the DP70. That is approximately 462 machines. Three years later on January 16, 1964 North American Philips Company, Inc. (Motion Picture Equipment Division) released an updated list of DP70 installations with many more cinemas.

PDF's of Philips DP70 Brochures
European DP70 Brochure
Norelco AAII Universal 70-35 Projector
North American DP70 brochure

The group of cinemas equipped with the DP70 is very long and impressive. Many of the world's most prestigious cinemas had the "Rolls-Royce" of 70mm projectors installed.

• By November 1959 there were __ cinemas with the DP70 in Europa and the far east, and the the number of Todd-AO installations had increased to 86 in the US and Canada.
• By January 1960 there were 34 cinemas with the DP70 (19 CMA and 15 ABC) in Great Britain.
• By May 1960 there were __ cinemas with the DP70 in the US and Canada
• By August 1960 the DP70 was installed in 231 venues = 462+ machines (US and rest of the world).
• By OSCAR Night, in March 1963, there were 525 DP70 installations (= more than 1050 machines) in 39 countries.
• By 1964 Norelco AAII / DP70 Theatre List (world)

By December 1964 more than 1100 cinemas worldwide had 70mm installed. Most of them were with the DP70. During the 1966 Photokina exhibition (in Cologne, Germany), Philips Cinema presented the new DeLuxe Projector for 35/70mm, widely know as the DP75 and production of the popular DP70 finally came to an end.

•  Go to DP70s in Cinemas All over The World
 
 

The DP70 Serial Numbers - How many DP70 were made?

 
The serial number is the small metal plate on the back of the mechanism between the two oil taps, or on earlier models, just above the shutter.

"How many DP70 machines did Philips Cinema produce in Eindhoven, Holland?"

That is a question which I have been trying to find the answer to for many years. The short answer is 1577 machines. This is a qualified guess, based on all the numbers in this list. "Huh! How is that?" Well, since the early 1980s I have been collecting DP70 serial numbers as a hobby. Whenever I visited a cinema with one or more DP70s I wrote the number down, and recorded the theatre name. Over time, many friends and projectionists have sent me similar information, and to date, this list now includes nearly 700 machines. The list of serial DP70 numbers has been assembled over nearly 40 years and serves no other purpose than being a very needy interest, but also a work of love.

The serial number is the small metal plate on the back of the mechanism between the two oil taps, or on earlier models, just above the shutter. The number plate changes location between machines: #1459 and #1473 (Original install: Palladium, Copenhagen, Denmark). The list of numbers starts off at #601 and ends with #2532 and then jumps to a final stop at #2729. There are no numbers between 999 and 1300 (with a few exceptions, which I think are mistakes). On many machines found in the US, additional United Artists number plates have been added to the machines. Those, I assume, are Todd-AO Corporation numbers.
 

 
This in not the DP70 serial number plate. It is the American Optical Company upper base plate. This number plate is only seen on the DP70 base in the United States. Plates like this have the following number ranges: 59-- _ _ _. 1 _ _  and 6 _ _ _

I have been unable to find precise information as to the exact number of machines manufactured. It will remain a total mystery how many DP70 projectors Philips Cinema manufactured from 1955 until the end, around 1966. The Philips company has been very helpful, but alas, have been unable to find any records. Kinoton was kind to reply in 2001, and they estimated around 1500 machines had been built. Kinoton was located in Munich, Germany, and became the distributor of spare parts for the DP70.

28. August 2001

Dear Mr. Hauerslev

Unfortunately I cannot give you any information about the production figures of the DP 70. You would have to turn to Philips Eindhoven in the Netherlands. The only thing I can tell you is a number of 1500 DP 70 projectors which we sold in the period from 1955 until 1968. I hope this will help you a little bit.

Regarding spare parts for the DP70 fortunately we cannot confirm your statement. It is true that not all service parts for the DP70 can be supplied, but most of them are still produced and supplied.

Best regards
Renate Zoller
Kinoton, Germany

If I assume that all numbers collected so far gives a random image of all the machines ever made, then my guess is that Philips Cinema made 1577 DP70 Todd-AO projectors. In the table, you can see a breakdown of each series with my notes. The list is not complete, nor will it ever be, but it does give a very good depiction of how popular the Todd-AO Projector was. Especially since everything Todd-AO is now long gone in Hollywood, and digital cinema has taken over mainstream cinema, we still have the original 70mm projector left in many cinemas. Perhaps the most successful element of the entire Todd-AO Process?  

Although much effort has been made to keep the list up-to-date, you must be prepared to find that some machines have been removed. The machines have been located at one point since 1982 and may not be installed any longer. The list does not necessarily reflect where all machines are today. Some projectors have been moved or scrapped since the date of recording between 1982 and today.  Also, please take a look at this list on this page called "Missing DP70 numbers", which are theatres with DP70s where the mechanism serial number has not been recorded yet, or where the serial number plate is removed etc. As soon as the mechanism numbers are added, the machines are moved to the regular lists.
 

 

"And the OSCAR Goes to...PHILIPS"
The 1962 Academy Award

 
In the early 1960s Philips Cinema was one of the largest Cinema Equipment suppliers in the world and Jan J. Kotte's projector quality was unrivalled. The DP70 was the crown jewel in a long line of Philips machines which included: FP4, FP5, FP56, FP20 and FP30.

The DP70 was extremely gentle to 70mm film, and allowed many passes through the gate, without significant wear and tear. How many 70mm projectors will allow one 70mm print 1600 passes? That was the case in London and the Dominion Theatre's record breaking "South Pacific" 4-year run. One Todd-AO print was shown from 21.04.1958 until 30.09.1962 London.

The DP70 was truly a remarkable 70mm projector and on Monday April 8, 1963 Fred J. Pfeiff, Technical Manager of the motion picture equipment department of Norelco (North American Philips), received the 1962 Class 2 Oscar plaque for on behalf of the Philips company:

"The design and engineering of the Norelco Universal 70/35mm motion picture projector".

It was also stated by the Awards Committee that:

“...it's unique design provides for rapid conversion to either 70mm or 35mm projection and for operation with significantly reduced film wear and damage”.

Actually there were two OSCARS made. The original OSCAR was was awarded to the Philips Company and brought back to Europe by Mr. Kees Nijsen, who was Sales Promotion & Advertising Manager of Philips Cinema's Publicity department. The Philips company ordered a second OSCAR to award to Mr. Jan Kotte personally in appreciation of his dedication to Philips. The 1962 Award (given in March 1963) was the first ever given to a projector in the Academy's history. The OSCAR was well deserved. The DP70 was, and still is, the "Rolls Royce" of 70mm projectors. In 1999 the IMAX projector, with the unique rolling loop principle, was also awarded a similar award.

Later in 1963 Philips Cinema received the largest one-time order for the DP70: 100 projectors to one projector company in the United States. A few days later another order for 50 projectors arrived.

The DP70 was a heavily advertised by Philips's creative department for commercial activities. Kees Nijsen remember:

There was a split-up of responsibilities: The "Factory" taking care of development, construction and manufacturing, and the "Commercial Department" being in charge of marketing, planning and sales, plus keeping in touch with international markets and sales representatives (Philips and non-Philips products) abroad.

Go to A Brief History of Philips Cinema
Go to DP70 Brochures

• Go to Two Norelco AAII 70mm Projectors on Display @ Claremore Museum of History at Claremore, Oklahoma, USA

Commercially responsible for cinema activities were:

H. Opdenberg, Commercial Director
H. A. H. M. Nillesen, Commercial Director Cinema Department (later succeeded by H. L. A. Gimberg.)
W. Jansen, Technical-Commercial liason officer
C. (Kees) G. Nijsen, Sales Promotion & Advertising Manager
G. Hooghiemstra, Sales Representative USA area

The 55th Anniversary of the DP70 Academy Award was celebrated at the Philips Museum, Eindhoven, Holland with the exhibition "And the Oscar goes to ... Philips" from 2 March to 13 May, 2018, with Mr Anton Kotte present with his dad's OSCAR and Emiel de Jong's beautiful DP70 #1656.

• Go to
55th Anniversary of the DP70 Academy Award
 

 

Which is the longest running DP70?

 
DP70s 1640+1644 at Imperial Bio, Copenhagen, Denmark - perhaps the longest running original DP70 installation.

Most of the original cinemas do not exist any longer. They have either been closed, demolished or rebuilt into multiplexes. If they still exist, it is unusual to find the DP70s still installed. In one case, however, that is possible. The Imperial Bio (Copenhagen, Denmark), had a pair (1644 and 1640) installed in 1961, when the cinema opened. Both machines were still operational until December 2011, when #1640 was scrapped on the spot to make room for a 4K digital projector. They had been running continuously since 1 November 1961. Surely a world record - 50 years of service. #1644 is still used for the occasional 70mm premiere.
 
 

Competitive 70mm projectors and DP70 Clones

 
Japanese Toshiba Photo Phone Co., Ltd TP 70/35 Imperial

After the initial premiere of Philips' DP70, other projector manufactures started to develop 70mm projectors in Brazil, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the USA.

New 70mm projectors included:
• Eugen Bauer U2
• Cinemeccanica Victoria X
Incol 70-35
• Russian KTT15-A
• Toshiba Photo Phone Co., Ltd TP 70/35 Imperial
• Century JJ

-, and many more: 70mm Film Projectors


The DP70 also inspired at least three different 70mm machines, which have striking similarities with the DP70. The Toshiba Photo Phone Co., Ltd. in Japan introduced their TP 70/35 Imperial projector (Motion Picture Almanac 1972 page 64A). Spool boxes, lower- and upper bases were more or less identical to the DP70.

Another interesting DP70 "look-a-like" projector was the Russian KTT15-A. This projector does not look like a DP70 at all on the outside. Inside, however, some striking similarities were apparent. The lens mount bracket, 70mm film gate and the shutter were a very close variation of the DP70.

The Incol 70-35 from Brazil has a film gate which has striking similarities with the DP70.
 
 

Automation of a DP70 or Disposal

 
Cannibalized DP70 681. Image by Thomas Hauerslev, 1994

The DP70 had not been made for automation, remote control and multiplex operation. With increasing demand for cost saving, theater owners started to break up cinemas into several screens and cut down on projection staff. There was a need for cinemas to be automated. In the late sixties Rank Film Ltd. became distributor of Cinemeccanica's projectors in England. DP70s were removed in more than 20 ODEON cinemas and replaced by the popular Italian Cinemeccanica Victoria 8 70mm projector. The Cinemeccanica Victoria 8 can be fully remote controlled. A VERY expensive decision by Rank facing the increasing competition. Some of these DP70s went to the United States, but most of them were scrapped only after a few years of service. Much to the frustration of many projectionists and DP70 devotees. There are reports that many ODEON DP70s were literally scrapped with a large hammer [Source: Dion Hanson]. The reason for this is unknown.

A similar thing happened in Australia when Hoyt's theatres, a large cinema chain, automated all their cinemas. Those DP70 not needed were given away to those who were interested. The rest were thrown away into the Tasmanian Sea or even used as boat anchors in Sydney harbor! There is no evidence of this statement, but it is colorful.

"I have an idea where the story about equipment being dumped in the sea developed, but as far as I know, any stuff that Hoyts scrapped went off to a second-hand metal dealer or a conventional rubbish dump. I have heard the "dumped in Port Phillip Bay" story in relation to the Cinerama equipment, too, but most of it has been accounted for".

Eric White, Melbourne, Australia, 29.09.2003

 
Lens turrent in Austria

But as theatres were closing in the '60s and '70s, a lot of theatre owners had the problem of disposing of equipment that had no resale value, and the DP70 had not reached the cult following that it now has, so many were simply thrown out.

It is interesting to note that Hoyt's in Australia did not buy another Philips projector for about 10 years after DP70 production ceased. During this time they bought Cinemeccanica Victoria 8s. In 1976 Hoyt's again began to buy Philips machines mostly FP20s but also some DP75s for new locations.

From South Africa there are reports of an actual burial of a DP70! Back in England, the ABC cinema group also replaced some DP70s with the brand new DP75. Most DP75 installations were set up for the 70mm presentations of “Doctor Zhivago” (in 1966). Many DP75 installations were new 70mm installations. Some ex-ABC DP70s went to the United States. In the early 1990s some DP70s were still maintained by Steven Krams and his company in Florida and he had at least 20 machines in stock.
 
 

Modernizing the DP70

 
A beautifully restored DP70 with internal DTS reader and reverse scan reader. Image by Mark Gulbrandsen

From the beginning more than 50 years ago, the DP70 has been considered one of the best projectors ever made. Despite that, Philips continued to improve the machine until production ended around 1966. Since then, and especially during the 1990s, the DP70 was still being upgraded, by Kinoton and other cinema supply companies.

Some machines were converted to play 8 perf 70mm prints, and at least one machine in Austria was equipped with a lens turrent. And recently, Rosbeek Techniek in Holland have made a new 35mm film gate and a three-bladed shutter for the DP70.

More improvements:
Photo mask by Todd-AO
A new film gate for the DP70 projector
The Century Cinefocus
DP70 RED-LED reverse scanner
DP70 reverse scanner
New film gate for the DP70

Go to Modernizing the DP70 to see all examples.

 
 

The end of an era and new use of old machines

 
By the mid 1990s, used DP70 projectors were sold at very high prices. USD $10.000 was not an unlikely price for a projector fully reconditioned and in perfect working order. Worn and badly maintained projectors are much cheaper of course. It is not only film collectors and projectionists who appreciate the DP70. Until the introduction of digital cinema, many prestigious cinemas, laboratories and film studios like Technicolor Ltd., Todd-AO, 20th Century-Fox and Warner Brothers in Hollywood had DP70s installed. Todd-AO in Hollywood had six projectors and Paramount Pictures at 5555 Melrose in Hollywood runs at least five machines. Film museums in Amsterdam, Oslo, Stockholm, Paris, London, Bradford, and Hollywood, also install the DP70. And with good reason, as the DP70 remains the most desirable of 70mm projectors.

However, hard as it may seem, 70mm projection and 6-track stereo in a private theatre in the basement is not uncommon. As digital projectors have found their way into projection rooms across the world, many film machines have been simply given away, cannibalized or thrown away. A surprising number of DP70 projectors have found a safe home in the hands of DP70 devotees who
restore them to original glory. Some people even strip them and have them completely repainted in the original Phillips Hammertone Epoxy paint.
 
 

Legacy of the DP70

 
Mr Anton Kotte (left) and Mr. Nijsen photographed in May 1998 in Eindhoven, Holland by Thomas Hauerslev

A respectable number of DP70s are still running today, nearly 65 years after the first one came of the assembly line in Eindhoven, Holland. A well kept DP70 will (probably) never fail in operation. The DP70 is a beautiful projector, outstanding craftsmanship and a piece of contemporary art from the 1950s. Best said by Trevor Wilson in April 2006:

"I think DP70s are a sight to behold in their own right and were the most visionary piece of engineering imaginable".

The DP70 projector is arguably the most successful part of the Todd-AO system. Despite the arrival of digital cinema, the DP70 can still be found in analogue cinemas here and there.

• Go to 55th Anniversary of the DP70 Academy Award

• Go to Gallery: May 1998: Visiting Anton Philip Kotte in Eindhoven, Holland
 

 

DP70: A Hobby Odyssey

 
In 1982, as a teenager, I started my film-life as a projectionist apprentice at the 3 Falke Bio, my favourite cinema which was "purpose built" for Todd-AO in 1958. My new interest became the history of the Philips DP70 projector. I was intrigued and wondered "Why did the DP70 receive an OSCAR and what was Todd-AO?". My collection of DP70 information started to build and soon I discovered how much the DP70 was appreciated everywhere. I also discovered the wonderful story about Todd-AO and have spent a lot of effort and time to document the Todd-AO process and the DP70 projector. I remember finding the original European DP70 Brochure with a list all DP70 installations by August 1960. I started to collect DP70 serial numbers from Copenhagen, and soon expanded the search to the rest of Denmark and soon to Malmø in Sweden and in Hamburg in Germany.

"How many DP70 machines did Philips Cinema make?

I wrote letters to cinemas and soon answers arrived with serial numbers and pictures from fans all over the world. This was amazing! Imagine the thrill to receive a letter from The Todd-AO Corporation in Hollywood with serial numbers and images of their machines. What a joy to find 24 machines in Parisian projection rooms one single summer day in 1992. The bonus by the end of the day was my ability to say "70mm" and "DP70" in French - fluently. The list kept growing and I sent out regularly updated lists to all contributors in return for their help. Today, many years later, the lists are too long to print, and instead you can find all the information here on this page.

As my interest developed for the DP70 I created many lists on paper with the DP70 installations. First on a typewriter, and later on a PC in WordPerfect. In 1999, in70mm.com opened, and eventually, all this material was transferred to the internet - and more or less as it looks now. Philips Cinema kept very detailed lists of all cinemas with the DP70, and those lists are the basis of my lists on these pages. The cinema lists also include observations from fans and myself.

•  Go to DP70s in Cinemas All over The World

Additionally, where available, I have noted how many projectors each cinema had, as well as information about screen size, number of seats, technical equipment, Cinerama & Cinemiracle and information about speakers, sound formats etc. For many cinemas the number of seats reflects how many seats the cinema had on the day of DP70 installation. Seating capacity information of early US cinemas is based on Motion Picture Almanac 1961 and Variety.

To separate which installations were the original Todd-AO / DP70 installations, small markers have been included. Where known, I have indicated the source of the information with the following abbreviations:
 

Abbreviations
l Left machine
c Centre machine
r Right machine
s Single machine
# Screen, cinema & studio number
p Private DP70 (Machine installed at home)
P Present (Cinema is open)
T Temporarily installation
C Used for parts, cannibalised, scrapped or dumped
* DP70 brochure dated August 1960
» NORELCO AA11 list dated 16.01.1964

Installations not mentioned in above mentioned official brochures or lists have no marking. It is of course next to impossible to make a record all DP70 cinemas and serial numbers. Projectors are moved and often re-installed in new locations. Cinemas open, close and occasionally the machines are destroyed when cinemas are demolished. When available those details have been included on the cinema lists.

• International Projectionist, December 1959.
European DP70 Brochure from August 1960
• The ELAgraph vol. 6 no 5 from November 1960 (110 cinemas in the States and 130 cinemas outside the States) (Installations indicated with “*”).
North American Philips Company, Inc. (Norelco), issued a list dated January 16, 1964 (Installations indicated with “»”).

Little did I know, so many years ago, what this interest and lifelong hobby would bring me. I have only met nice people everywhere who speak fondly of the DP70.

The DP70 seems to be a favourite among projectionists everywhere across country borders and languages. I have had many wonderful visits to projection rooms, cinemas and unique historical places related to the DP70 story. I even had my own DP70 #2171 for nearly 20 years sitting in my office, and it ran 70mm on a curved two (2) foot screen.

I have traced the story back into the home town of the chief engineer, and had the privilege to met Jan Kotte's son Anton and his wife, shared memorabilia and information. I have seen the birthplace of the DP70 and photographed the Academy Award, which Jan Jacob Kotte won in 1963 for his achievement. I have seen the remaining buildings of the American Optical Company in Southbridge, Mass., in the United States, the birthplace of Todd-AO, and met with several key people from the early days of Todd-AO.

It would have been impossible to find all this DP70 information without continuing support and enthusiasm from DP70 devotees everywhere. To those individuals who have assisted me I am very grateful. My thanks to everyone, and keep up the good work. We still have some numbers to find and cinemas to check ;-)

Feel free to send your DP70 information to me:
Thomas Hauerslev

 

 

DP70 Hard Facts

 
There are many brochures and details about the DP70. It can easily exhaust even the most avid fan of the DP70 to read everything. So, if you have had enough, then just skip the rest of the page, which will cover a weight analysis, information about the original price, highlights about all the juicy details of the DP70 features, an in-progress staff list of employees at Philips Cinema Department's Electro-Acoustics Division (ELA) in Eindhoven and a list of recommended DP70 / Todd-AO reading.

You can even summarize the DP70 story here:
UK:
DP70: A Story of the Todd-AO Projector
DE: DP70: Die Geschichte des Todd-AO Projektors

Oh, and there are also a long line of shortcuts, which will take you straight to cinema country by country, which had the DP70 installed. Not forgetting the page about "Modernizing the DP70" and the page with News About the DP70, The Todd-AO Projector.

PDF's of Philips DP70 Advertising
Construction of the Philips “All Purpose” projector DP70
Philips Cinema Equipment News
Multi Purpose Todd-AO Projector

Der Projector DP70

DP70 Advertising & Promotion
 
 

The DP70 is Heavy, but not that heavy

 
If you consider having a DP70 installed in your living room you must check two things first. What will your wife say, and will the floor hold? I cannot answer for your wife, but here is the weight of a DP70:

1 kilogram (kg) is equal to 2.2 pounds (lb).
1 pound (lb) is equal to 0,45 kilograms (kg).
 
 

Projector part:

Kilograms

Pounds

Lower base

 77,5

170,9

Upper base

118,0

260,1

Lower spool box

 12,5

 27,6

Mounting table for lamp house

 38,5

 84,9

Projector mechanism

106,0

233,7

Lens slide and holder

 18,5

 40,8

Compartment door

 13,0

 28,7

Magnetic sound head

 16,5

 36,4

Optical sound head

 12,0

 26,5

Motor

 10,0

 22,0

Gear (two speed clutch)

 10,0

 22,0

Upper spool box

 23,0

 50,7

Total

455,50

1004,2

 
 
   

What did a DP70 cost Originally?

 
The DP70 was a very expensive 70mm projector to install. Only the most prestigious cinemas could afford it. Here are the brochures:

PDF's of Philips DP70 Brochures
European DP70 Brochure
Norelco AAII Universal 70-35 Projector
North American DP70 brochure

Here are the documents for a complete Todd-AO installation at the Savoy in Hamburg, Germany. The first purpose-built Todd-AO cinema in Europe. Thanks to Stefan Scholz for making the PDFs available.

PDF Todd-AO installation, Savoy, Hamburg, Germany
Philips Kaufvertrag, Haus Savoy, Hamburg 1957
Haus Savoy, Hamburg, Rechnung April 1957
Haus Savoy, Hamburg, Rechnung December 1957

This one from Craig Binnebose: The Cecil Theatre, Mason City, Iowa. Two DP70 cost USD $6225.00 each. August 10, 1966. Quotation No. 447 from Ballantyne of Omaha.

Thanks to Hans Frahm in Johannesburg, South Africa, the 1962 and 1964 price of a DP70 has been found. The price is in the international currency of 1962: British Pound Sterling. The exchange rate was USD $2.80 to the pound. (Until 1964 when it had to be devalued!)
 
 

DP70 Projector parts
Courtesy Mr.
Hans Frahm, Johannesburg, South Africa

1962

1964

 

 

 

Film spools 35mm

5.00

5.90

Film spools 70mm

5.10

6.10

Set spare parts

11.70

15.40

130 A carbon Arc Lamps 18" mirror, Peerless rotating carbons, water cooled

395.00

480.00

Rectifier 45-150 Amps

335.00

380.00

85A Arc lamp for 70-35mm

200.00

380.00

Todd-AO lenses 62mm

94.00

146.00

Todd-AO lenses 175mm

54.00

55.00

Minifier

31.50

36.50

     

EL4000/01 complete

GBP 1140.00

GBP 1560.00

 
   

DP70 Features
Checklist from the late fifties of many outstanding features of the DP70

 
Fully compatible with, and quickly convertible for 70mm or 65mm film with up to six magnetic sound tracks, 35mm CinemaScope with four magnetic or single optical sound tracks, and Perspecta-sound, Wide Screen film of any aspect ratio with either magnetic or optical sound and standard 35mm film.
Scientifically compounded curve of light gate - prevents film buckle.
Single blade double speed conical shutter, providing highest light transmission of any projector. Leading and trailing edges have integral air scoops that aid in dissipating heat.
Rollers, drums, sprockets and film gate made from non-magnetic materials - eliminates possibility of magnetic soundtrack damage and necessity for frequent degaussing. Dual sprockets on all shafts machined of hardened aluminium alloy. No sprocket change required when changing from 70mm to 35mm or vice-versa. (Less than 4 minutes required.)
Two independent motors on each projector, 24 and 30 fps- all past, present or contemplated 70mm films can be projected without additional expense or modification.
Combined ten-track magnetic clusters, no tricky threading required when changing from six- to four track reproduction.
Triple filtered metered lubrication system.
Substantially constructed for rock steady projection.
All modern, domestic high-power arc lamps adaptable without loss of efficiency.
Lathe bed lens carriage, positive alignment of lens to film path.
Factory installed internal wiring, reduces installation costs.
Adjustable for all projection angles - from 28 degrees downward to the upward angles required in drive-ins.
Complete stock of replacement parts always available.
Fully Underwriters' Laboratories Approved.
 
 

Norelco AAII Features
Here are all new features to the NORELCO AA11 model launched in the US during 1963

 
Oak boxes for 35mm gates. Image by Royce Goldsmith

Dual split 70/35 magazine shafts. Standard 5" hub 35mm reels useable. No longer necessary for theatre to purchase special 35mm reels with 70mm flanges.
New non-glare Plexiglas observation window in projector door.
New threading guards on magnetic shield and idle roller.
New improved intermittent assembly.
New oil vapour leak protection.
New dowser assembly.
Simplified built-in water cooling circuit.
Heavier main drive gear set.
New single motor drive.
New 2-speed clutch for both 30 Frames/sec & 24 Frames/Sec film speed with double "V" belt drive.
New reduced torque motor.
New 4-pole motor start contactor.
Optional optical pre-amplifier.
New easy installation lower compartment door.
New cast aluminium lamp house bracket with adjustable slide for easy alignment of lamp. Provides means for moving lamp without necessity for realignment. Eliminates need for purchase of special adapter previously required for lamps.
New spiral gear take-up drive.
New graphite impregnated nylon idler & pad rollers.
New pre-wired magnetic cluster block.
 
 
   

Electro-Acoustics Division (ELA)
Philips Cinema Department

 
Name Responsibility/Work Area Notes
Dr. J de Boer ELA Technical Director
     
Design Department    
P Hinse Chief ELA, Design Department Mr. Kottes Chief
     
Jan Jacob Kotte Chief designer of DP70 and all other Philips projectors 1908 - 1988

Piet Fila

Co-design

J Hallmann Co-design
W van Riet Co-design
F J Rijke Co-design
H Goumans
     
Machine Shop
J Sliepenbeek Head of Machine Shop
H de Laat Chief maltese cross production and checking. Coordinated the works
P V d Kerkhof Maltese cross  
B Kuppens Drawings
H v d Ven
     
Cinema Assembly Department
C van Dijk Cinema Assembly Department
A G Overmars Projector assembly department
B Postema Chief Controller of DP70 Run-In  
C v d Putten Assembling Department
Constance Willems Magnetic sound head
E Hovenkamp Cinema Assembly Department
     
ELA Commercial    
H Opdenberg ELA Commercial director
H L A Gimberg Commercial Manager Cinema Department Working under Mr. H Opdenberg
W J M Jansen Commercial Department Technical Chief Working under H L A Gimberg
C G Nijsen General Advertising Manager, ELA Department Also editor of ELAgraph. Left ELA 1968.
G Hooghienstra International sales representative Commercial Liasion ELA with USA
Cas Kessler Sales representative Holland area ELA from 1960
     
Norelco (USA)    

Arie Vernes

President of Norelco, USA

Sales company for A.O. projectors in the US.

Fred J Pfeiff Technical Manager of the Motion Picture Equipment Division of Norelco
P M van Alphen Went to American Optical Company
     
 
   

DP70 Documentation
A selection of recommended reading about Todd-AO and the DP70

 
Date Magazine Title
15.10.1955 La Cinematographie Francaise Le Projecteur Philips Todd AO 70mm et 35mm
xx.xx.1955 Projektionisten, No 2, 1955 (MPH 05.02.1955) Todd-AO Projektorn för 70-35mm:s film
xx.09.1955 Sweden TODD-AO, ett nytt projektionssystem
xx.02.1955 International Projectionist The Todd-AO Projector for Both 70- and 35-mm Film
xx.10.1955 International Projectionist The Todd-AO System. A Projector for both 70- and 35mm film
xx.10.1955 PHILIPS kinotechnik Heft 13 Der Projector DP70
xx.04.1956 Philips Technical Review  (J. J. Kotte) A Cinema projector for 70mm and 35mm films
xx.xx.1956 German Ruckblick auf de Photokina 1956
xx.11.1956 Biografbladet (Danish) Photokina 1956
xx.xx.1956 Sweden Todd-AO Systemet
xx.10.1956 Der Filmvorführer Breitfilm und breitbild
15.12.1956 The Todd-AO Corporation The Todd-AO projector
xx.xx.195x British Kinematograph Data Sheet #60 The Philips 35mm/70mm projection equipment
xx.03.1957 British Kinematograph (W.J.M. Jansen) PHILIPS EQUIPMENT for picture projection and sound reproduction of TODD—A.O. 70mm FILM
xx.xx.1957 Filmoperatøren (Danish) Et Nyt Filmprojektionssystem
xx.xx.1958 Filmoperatøren (Danish) Visit to Philips ELA Eindhoven 1958

 

xx.03.1963 Kino-Technik Impulslampe für 70mm-Projection
15.04.1963 Film Daily Technical Award
19.08.1965 North American Philips AAII spare parts recommended for theatres
     
 

DP70 Reference notes

 
Source Date
LIFE magazine
Earl Sponable 19.01.1954
American Cinematographer July 1954
Nine lives of Mike Todd 1958
Independent Film Journal 15.10.1955
Showmen's Trade Review 15.10.1955
Thomas M Pryor 27.06.1954
Southbridge News October 1985
American Cinematographer page 529 October 1954
Current Biography 1955
In the splendour of 70mm by Grant Lobban 1986 & 1987
Todd-AO reading
DP70 documentation
Todd-AO documentation
 
   
 
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Updated 28-07-24